| Latin name: | Passer montanus |
| Detachment: | Passerine |
| Family: | Passerines |
| Additionally: | European species description |
Appearance and behavior... Small bird of dense constitution. Body length 14–17 cm, weight 15–30 g. An integral element of the avifauna of almost any settlement. Unlike the house sparrow, it is not so strongly attached to human settlements, it can nest in undisturbed natural landscapes.
Description... The male and female, in contrast to the brownie and black-chested sparrows, are colored the same, seasonal changes in color are insignificant. The top of the head is light chestnut. The cheek and coverts of the ear are whitish, on the cheek there is an expressive black semicircular spot. A clear and wide white collar extends from the lower edge of the cheek up to the neckline, which is only slightly interrupted by the chestnut plumage of the neckline, and more often is not interrupted. There is a small black spot on the throat that does not go over the chest. The back is brownish-red, with longitudinal black stripes. Uppertail is brownish-buffy. The underside of the body is whitish with an ocher tinge, which is more developed on the sides. The flight feathers and their coverts are dark brown with contrasting brownish and ocher edging. The ends of the middle coverts of the secondary flight feathers with wide white tips merge into a noticeable white stripe at the fold of the wing. Tail feathers are brownish-brown with buffy edges. The eyes are dark brown, the beak is black, the paws are flesh-colored.
Young birds are colored much more dimly, all black color in plumage is replaced by grayish-brown. The beak is brownish, with yellow edges and yellow corners of the mouth. The field sparrow differs from the house sparrow in the chestnut top of the head, the presence of a semicircular black spot on the cheek, and the absence of sexual dimorphism. It also differs from the black-chested sparrow in the absence of sexual dimorphism, in a lighter colored back, in the absence of black streaks on the sides of the body and on the upper tail. It differs from both species in smaller size, compact build and slightly shortened tail.
Vote... Very similar to the voice of the house sparrow, but generally sharper and higher. The most characteristic cries are “chip», «tet», «tsuyt"And"tsivip", Used both individually and in short series. Instead of a song, uses a repetitive series of calls.
Distribution, status... In most of the territory of Russia, it lives everywhere up to the subarctic, nesting in the Arctic is irregular. Inhabits all major types of landscapes - from mountain and taiga forests to dry steppes and semi-deserts, but nowhere does it reach such a number as in the anthropogenic landscape. Extremely flexible in terms of biotopic preferences. In natural landscapes, it is much wider than the brownie, but in most cases the dispersal of the species is associated with anthropogenic landscapes. In settlements, it gravitates more towards the outskirts, avoids dense multi-storey buildings. It is one of the most numerous birds in settlements and a variety of anthropogenic landscapes.
Lifestyle... It is sedentary in most of its range, but the northernmost populations migrate in winter. Unlike the house sparrow, it often lives in isolated pairs, although nesting settlements and small colonies are also quite common. It nests in niches and voids of human structures, in hollows, nest boxes, holes, in the walls of nests of storks, birds of prey and corvids. The nesting structure is a loose ball of grass, plant fibers, feathers, down and wool. In the steppe zone in the south of the region, open nesting in the crowns of trees and shrubs is possible.
The clutch contains 2–7 whitish eggs with a pattern of gray or brown specks of different density. Female and male incubate by turns. Incubation lasts 10–14 days; both parents feed the chicks for 12–20 days. During the summer, a couple can raise two or even three broods. Food preferences are similar to those of the house sparrow; it feeds mainly on cereal grains, seeds, berries, fruits, insects, as well as any food that the bird can find in cities and villages.
| House sparrow | |
|---|---|
 House Sparrow Male | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryotes |
| Kingdom: | Animals |
| Subkingdom: | Eumetazoi |
| No rank: | Bilaterally symmetrical |
| No rank: | Secondary |
| Subtype: | Vertebrates |
| Infratip: | Jaw-toothed |
| Superclass: | Four-legged |
| Class: | Birds |
| Subclass: | Real birds |
| Infraclass: | Newcomers |
| Detachment: | Passerine |
| Suborder: | Songbird |
| Infraorder: | Passerida |
| Superfamily: | Passeroidea |
| Family: | Passerines |
| View : | House sparrow |
- Fringilla domestica Linnaeus, 1758
House sparrow (lat.Passer domesticus) is the most common species of the genus of true sparrows (Passer) of the family of passerines (Passeridae). One of the most famous birds living in the neighborhood of a human dwelling (hence its specific name "brownie") and well recognizable both by its appearance and by its characteristic chirp.
Introduction
Real sparrows (lat. Passer ) - a genus of birds of the family of passerines ( Passeridae ), a typical representative of which is the house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ). As a rule, these are small birds with a short tail and a short powerful beak.
1. Appearance
They are distinguished by a strong, short, thick, conical, slightly bent beak, short legs armed with weak claws, rounded short wings and a short truncated or slightly notched tail.
Sparrows are characterized by sexual dimorphism, which means that males and females, as a rule, are colored differently; males are characterized by a black throat.
2. Dissemination
They live in the Old World, but some species were introduced to other regions of the world (America, Australia and New Zealand).
3. Lifestyle
They are sedentary or nomadic birds, and some species are migratory. Many species are synanthropic, being closely related to humans and settling near their dwellings and settlements.
Some species (the Spanish sparrow) nest in huge colonies on trees, others (the inhabitants of the deserts - the saxaul and desert sparrows, as well as the red sparrow found on Sakhalin and the South Kuril Islands) are not associated with humans.
4. Nutrition
They feed on plant seeds, being mainly granivorous birds. They also eat small insects.
5. Reproduction
Nests are arranged in hollows, holes, buildings, or spherical nests are built in trees. They are chicks, chicks are first fed with insects, then seeds.
6. People and real sparrows
Some species (Spanish, Indian subspecies of the house sparrow) are malicious pests of cereals, and poisonous baits are being fought against them.
7. Classification
Previously, the genus of true sparrows was referred to the weaver family.
In Europe, Asia and Africa, there are 27 (according to other classifications - from 16 to 35) species of sparrows:
- Saxaul sparrow ( Passer ammodendri Gould, 1872)
- Somali sparrow ( Passer castanopterus Blyth, 1855)
- Passer cordofanicus Heuglin, 1871
- Southern gray-headed sparrow ( Passer diffusus (A. Smith, 1836))
- House sparrow ( Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758))
- Chestnut Sparrow ( Passer eminibey (Hartlaub, 1880)) - Emin's Sparrow
- Arabian golden sparrow ( Passer euchlorus (Bonaparte, 1850))
- Yellow-bellied sparrow ( Passer flaveolus Blyth, 1845)
- Parrot-billed sparrow ( Passer gongonensis (Oustalet, 1890))
- Gray-headed Sparrow ( Passer griseus (Vieillot, 1817))
- Spanish sparrow ( Passer hispaniolensis (Temminck, 1820)) - Black-breasted Sparrow
- Passer iagoensis (Gould, 1838)
- Passer insularis Sclater et Hartlaub, 1881
- Passer italiae (Vieillot, 1817)
- Yellow sparrow ( Passer luteus Lichtenstein, 1823) - Golden Sparrow
- South African Sparrow ( Passer melanurus Statius Muller, 1776) - Cape Sparrow
- Mesopotamian Sparrow ( Passer moabiticus (Tristram, 1864))
- Field sparrow ( Passer montanus Linnaeus, 1758)
- Big sparrow ( Passer motitensis A. Smith, 1848)
- Tugai sparrow ( Passer pyrrhonotus Blyth, 1845)
- Passer rufocinctus Fischer et Reichenow, 1884
- Red sparrow ( Passer rutilans (Temminck, 1836))
- Passer shelleyi Sharpe, 1891
- Desert Sparrow ( Passer simplex (Lichtenstein, 1823))
- Swahil sparrow ( Passer suahelicus Reichenow, 1904)
- Svensonov sparrow ( Passer swainsonii ( Rüppell, 1840))
- Passer zarudnyi Pleske, 1896
In the past view Passer italiae classified as a subspecies of either brownie (Passer d. italiae (Vieillot, 1817)) or Spanish (Passer h. italiae (Temminck, 1820)), and Passer cordofanicus - as a subspecies of large (Passer m. cordofanicus).
On the territory of the former USSR, seven species were previously noted: brownie (Passer domesticus), Indian (Passer indicus), field (Passer montanus), Spanish (Passer hispaniolensis), saxaul (Passer ammodendri), desert (Passer simplex) and red (Passer rutilans). Currently, the Indian sparrow is considered as a subspecies of the house sparrow (Passer d. indicus).
8. Genetics
Molecular genetics
- Deposited nucleotide sequences in the Entrez Nucleotide Database, GenBank, NCBI, USA: 220 (as of March 28, 2007).
- Protein sequences deposited in the EntrezProtein Database, GenBank, NCBI, USA: 119 (as of March 28, 2007).
Notes (edit)
- Drawing from the book: Naumann J.F. Naturgeschichte der Vögel Mitteleuropas. - 1905. (Natural history of birds of Central Europe.)
- Data from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
Literature
- Birds of the Soviet Union / Ed. G. P. Dementieva and N. A. Gladkova. - M .: Soviet science, 1954 .-- T. 5.
This abstract is based on an article from the Russian Wikipedia. Synchronization completed 07/17/11 01:22:57 AM
Similar abstracts: Sparrows, Stone sparrows, Budo-Sparrows, Weaver sparrows, New Sparrows, Old Sparrows, Henslow Sparrows, Bird Park Sparrows, Sparrows (Smolensk region).
Ⓘ Real sparrows
True sparrows are a genus of birds of the family of passerines, the typical representative of which is the house sparrow. As a rule, these are small birds with a short tail and a short powerful beak.
2. Lifestyle
They are sedentary or nomadic birds, and some species are migratory. Many species are synanthropic, being closely related to humans and settling near their dwellings and settlements.
Some species of Spanish sparrow nest in huge colonies in trees, others are not related to humans.
3. Reproduction
Nests are arranged in hollows, holes, buildings, or spherical nests are built in trees. They are chicks, chicks are first fed with insects, then seeds.
4. People and real sparrows
Some species of the Spanish, Indian subspecies of the house sparrow are malicious pests of cereals, and poisonous baits are being fought with them.
5. Classification
Previously, the genus of true sparrows was attributed to the weaver family.
In Europe, Asia and Africa, there are 27 other classifications - from 16 to 35 species of sparrows:
- Saxaul sparrow Passer ammodendri Gould, 1872
- Somali Sparrow Passer castanopterus Blyth, 1855
- House Sparrow Passer domesticus Linnaeus, 1758)
- Yellow-bellied Sparrow Passer flaveolus Blyth, 1845
- Arabian golden sparrow Passer euchlorus Bonaparte, 1850)
- Chestnut Sparrow Passer eminibey Hartlaub, 1880)
- Passer cordofanicus Heuglin, 1871
- Southern gray-headed sparrow Passer diffusus A. Smith, 1836)
- South African sparrow Passer melanurus Statius Muller, 1776
- Parrot-billed Sparrow Passer gongonensis Oustalet, 1890)
- Gray-headed Sparrow Passer griseus Vieillot, 1817)
- Great sparrow Passer motitensis A. Smith, 1848
- Passer italiae Vieillot, 1817
- Passer insularis Sclater et Hartlaub, 1881
- Desert Sparrow Passer simplex Lichtenstein, 1823)
- Passer shelleyi Sharpe, 1891
- Mesopotamian Sparrow Passer moabiticus Tristram, 1864)
- Swahill Sparrow Passer suahelicus Reichenow, 1904
- Black-breasted Sparrow Passer hispaniolensis Temminck, 1820)
- Field sparrow Passer montanus Linnaeus, 1758
- Red Sparrow Passer rutilans Temminck, 1836)
- Passer rufocinctus Fischer et Reichenow, 1884
- Passer zarudnyi Pleske, 1896
- Yellow Sparrow Passer luteus Lichtenstein, 1823
- Svenson sparrow Passer swainsonii Ruppell, 1840)
- Tugai sparrow Passer pyrrhonotus Blyth, 1845
- Passer iagoensis Gould, 1838
In the past, Passer italiae was classified as a subspecies of either the brownie Passer d. italiae Vieillot, 1817), or the Spanish Passer h. italiae Temminck, 1820), and Passer cordofanicus as a subspecies of the large Passer m. cordofanicus.
On the territory of the former USSR, seven species were previously noted: brownie Passer domesticus, Indian Passer indicus, field Passer montanus, Spanish Passer hispaniolensis, saxaul Passer ammodendri, desert Passer simplex, and red Passer rutilans. Currently, the Indian sparrow is considered as a subspecies of the house sparrow Passer d. indicus.
6. Genetics
Most of the deposited sequences belong to the house sparrow Passer domesticus, the genetically most studied representative of this genus.
Spread
Body length is 14-18 cm, weight - 21-37 g. The general color of the plumage is brownish-brown above, rusty color with black spots, whitish or gray below. The cheeks are white, the ear area is pale gray. Wings with yellowish-white transverse stripe. The male differs from the female by the presence of a large black spot ("tie") covering the chin, throat, goiter and upper part of the breast, as well as a dark gray (not dark brown) top of the head. The female's head and throat are gray, and there is a pale gray-yellow stripe above the eye.
